View source for Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca

{{Short description|Two UNESCO World Heritage sites in Malaysia}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS           = Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca
| image         = {{Photomontage
 | photo1a = Melaka 03.jpg{{!}}Red Square showing Stadthuys and Christ Church.
 | photo2a = Panorama of George Town from the air, Dec 2023.jpg{{!}}The view of Little India
 | spacing = 2
 | position = center
 | color_border = white
 | color = white
 | size = 250
 | foot_montage = }}
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = [[Malacca City|Melaka]] (above)<br>[[George Town, Penang|George Town]] (below)
| location      = [[Malaysia]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
#[[Malacca City|Historic City of Melaka]]
#[[George Town, Penang|Historic City of George Town]]
}}
| criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii)(iii)(iv)}}(ii)(iii)(iv)
| ID            = 1223bis
| year          = 2008
| extension     = 2011
| area          = {{convert|218.76|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone   = {{convert|392.84|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| embedded     =
{{Location map many|border=infobox
| Malaysia
| caption = 
| label1 = Historic City of George Town
| link1 = George Town, Penang
| coordinates1= {{coord|5|25|17|N|100|20|45|E}}
| label2 = Historic City of Melaka
| link2 = Malacca City
| coordinates2= {{coord|02|11|40|N|102|14|55|E}}
}}|Criteria=}}
'''Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca''' is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage]] listing<ref>{{cite web|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223|title= Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=8 August 2015}}</ref> comprising the historic urban centres of two cities, [[Malacca City|Melaka]] and [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], that illustrate 500 years of cultural and trade exchange between East and West.

This World Heritage site illustrates the development of maritime urban settlements in the region over time and the contributions of diverse ethnic and cultural groups in developing these cities. The government buildings, churches, squares and fortifications of Melaka demonstrate the early stages of this history originating in the 15th-century [[Malacca Sultanate|Malay sultanate]], which was followed by [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] periods of control beginning in the early 16th century. George Town represents the [[British Empire|British]] era from the end of the 18th century and features residential and commercial buildings of the period. In both cities, the cultural and architectural contributions of local [[Ethnic Malays|Malays]] as well as [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[South Asia]]n immigrants can be seen, and their own evolutions traced over times as well.

Melaka was inscribed in the listing using the [[Malaysian language|Malay language]] spelling of the name, as opposed to the more traditional English language spelling of its name, "Malacca".

==Inscription criteria==
The listing was inscribed on the basis of Criterion (ii), "exhibit an important interchange of human values",<ref name="whc.unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/|title=The Criteria for Selection|publisher=World Heritage Convention}}</ref> as the two cities are examples of multicultural trading forged from the exchange of Malay, Chinese and Indian cultures, and three successive European colonial powers over almost 500 years; Criterion (iii): "bearing unique testimony to a cultural tradition",<ref name="whc.unesco" /> as the cities’ multicultural heritage is expressed through the great variety of religious buildings of many faiths, ethnic quarters, languages, and festivals; and Criterion (iv): "an outstanding example of a type of building or landscape which illustrates a significant stage in human history",<ref name="whc.unesco" /> as Malacca and George Town reflect a mixture of influences which created a unique architecture, culture and townscape without parallel anywhere in East and Southeast Asia.

==Inscription history==
The listing was originally added to Malaysia’s Tentative List for World Heritage in 2001. The site was inscribed on the list in 2008 by the [[World Heritage Committee]] at its 32nd session in [[Quebec City]], [[Canada]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2008/whc08-32com-inf8B1e.pdf|title=''Evaluation of Cultural Properties'' WHC-08/32.COM/INF.8B.1|publisher=World Heritage Convention}}</ref>

[[Singapore]] and [[Phuket (city)|Phuket]], also located on the [[Strait of Malacca]], share a history of multicultural colonial development very similar to that of Melaka and George Town and were assessed for possible inclusion in the listing. However, Singapore’s historic core underwent extensive demolition and redevelopment during the 1970s and 1980s, and remaining historic properties lack the integrity necessary for consideration. Phuket’s historical core is considerably smaller and lacks the rich built heritage found in Melaka and George Town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2008/whc08-32com-inf8B1e.pdf|title=''Evaluation of Cultural Properties'' WHC-08/32.COM/INF.8B.1, pp. 76-77|publisher=World Heritage Convention}}</ref>

A minor boundary adjustment was made to the Melaka buffer zone to incorporate the gazetted Chinese cemetery in the Bukit Cina area, as had been recommended in [[International Council on Monuments and Sites|ICOMOS]]’ original report in 2008.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2008/whc08-32com-inf8B1e.pdf|title=''Evaluation of Cultural Properties'' WHC-08/32.COM/INF.8B.1, pg. 79|publisher=World Heritage Convention}}</ref>

ICOMOS identified the main threats to the property to be tourism development pressure and traffic. In the longer term, climate change and [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]] may create flooding problems. ICOMOS recommended that these issues be addressed specifically in future management plans.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2008/whc08-32com-inf8B1e.pdf|title=''Evaluation of Cultural Properties'' WHC-08/32.COM/INF.8B.1, pg. 78|publisher=World Heritage Convention}}</ref>

== World Heritage Sites ==
=== George Town ===
The [[UNESCO]]-designated site within [[Central George Town, Penang|downtown George Town]] comprises a {{Convert|109.38|ha|abbr=on|adj=on}} core zone surrounded by a {{Convert|150.04|ha|abbr=on|adj=on}} buffer zone.<ref name=":1" /> This portion of the city centre is the oldest section of the entire city and reflects the [[British Empire|British colonial era]] from the late 18th century.<ref name=":0" /> It had been officially designated as a historic enclave in 1987.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Penang Island City Council]] has identified 3,642 heritage buildings within both zones.<ref name="Penang Island City Council-2">{{Cite journal |title=Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau Pinang (Pulau) 2030 Jilid 1 |journal=[[Penang Island City Council]]}}</ref>
{{OSM Location map
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| float=centre
| zoom =15
| width = 600
| height = 500
|caption=Historical landmarks within the [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<br>Click link at the top right corner to zoom in.
|auto-caption=10
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| mark-coord4={{coord|5.421408|100.334947}}
| mark-title4=[[Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion]]
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| mark-title5=[[Ban Hin Lee Bank building|CIMB Building]]
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| mark-coord8={{coord|5.41314|100.34128}}
| mark-title8=[[Clan Jetties]]
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| mark-title9=[[Eastern & Oriental Hotel]]
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| mark-coord10={{coord|5.413184|100.336338}}
| mark-title10=[[Eng Chuan Tong Tan Kongsi]]
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| mark-title11=[[Esplanade, Penang|Esplanade]]
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| mark-coord12={{coord|5.41973|100.3421}}
| mark-title12=[[Foo Tye Sin Mansion]]
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| mark-coord13={{coord|5.4205|100.3439}}
| mark-title13=[[Fort Cornwallis]]
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| mark-title14=[[Fort Cornwallis Lighthouse]]
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| mark-coord15={{coord|5.4165|100.34165}}
| mark-title15=[[George Town Dispensary building]]
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| mark-coord16={{coord|5.418444|100.338792}}
| mark-title16=[[Goddess of Mercy Temple]]
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| mark-coord17={{coord|5.4207|100.3397}}
| mark-title17=[[Penang High Court|High Court]]
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| mark-coord18={{coord|5.41825|100.34334}}
| mark-title18=[[HSBC Building (Penang)|HSBC Building]]
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| mark-coord19={{coord|5.417417|100.342472}}
| mark-title19=[[India House, Penang|India House]]
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| mark-coord20={{coord|5.416667|100.33739}}
| mark-title20=[[Kapitan Keling Mosque]]
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| mark-coord21={{coord|5.415026|100.33712}}
| mark-title21=[[Khoo Kongsi]]
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| mark-coord22={{coord|5.414472|100.336194}}
| mark-title22=[[Lebuh Aceh Mosque]]
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| mark-coord23={{coord|5.417742|100.338556}}
| mark-title23=[[Little India, Penang|Little India]]
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| mark-coord24={{coord|5.42111|100.33985}}
| mark-title24=[[Logan Memorial]]
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| mark-coord25={{coord|5.41627|100.3389}}
| mark-title25=[[Nagore Durgha Sheriff]]
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| label25=
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| mark-coord26={{coord|5.41725|100.34192}}
| mark-title26=[[OCBC Building (Penang)|OCBC Building]]
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| label26=
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| mark-coord27={{coord|5.42255|100.333231}}
| mark-title27=[[Old Protestant Cemetery, George Town|Old Protestant Cemetery]]
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| mark-coord28={{coord|5.42|100.34184}}
| mark-title28=[[Penang Chinese Chamber of Commerce]]
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| mark-coord29={{coord|5.4185|100.3437}}
| mark-title29=[[Penang Islamic Department Building]]
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| mark-coord30={{coord|5.415667|100.335944}}
| mark-title30=[[Penang Islamic Museum]]
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| mark-coord31={{coord|5.4205|100.33868}}
| mark-title31=[[Penang State Museum and Art Gallery]]
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| mark-coord32={{coord|5.418|100.341192}}
| mark-title32=[[Pinang Peranakan Mansion]]
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| mark-coord33={{coord|5.419395|100.344194}}
| mark-title33=[[Jubilee Clock Tower|Queen Victoria Memorial Clock Tower]]
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| mark-coord34={{coord|5.419722|100.33911}}
| mark-title34=[[St. George's Church, Penang|St. George's Church]]
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| mark-coord35={{coord|5.420978|100.336884}}
| mark-title35=[[St. Xavier's Institution]]
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| mark-coord36={{coord|5.41725|100.33826}}
| mark-title36=[[Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Penang|Sri Mahamariamman Temple]]
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| mark-coord37={{coord|5.41932|100.33192}}
| mark-title37=[[Sri Kunj Bihari Temple]]
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| mark-coord38={{coord|5.418588|100.343298}}
| mark-title38=[[Standard Chartered Bank building, Penang|Standard Chartered Bank Building]]
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| mark-coord39={{coord|5.419423|100.343265}}
| mark-title39=[[Penang State Assembly Building|State Assembly Building]]
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| mark-coord40={{coord|5.41576|100.336242}}
| mark-title40=[[Sun Yat-sen Museum Penang|Sun Yat-sen Museum]]
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| mark-coord41={{coord|5.418933|100.34633}}
| mark-title41=[[Swettenham Pier]]
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| mark-coord42={{coord|5.421088|100.341353}}
| mark-title42=[[Town Hall, Penang|Town Hall]]
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| mark-coord43={{coord|5.41542|100.34252}}
| mark-title43=[[Wisma Kastam]]
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}}
=== Melaka ===
The UNESCO-designated site within [[Malacca City]] comprises a {{Convert|38.62|ha|abbr=on|adj=on}} core zone surrounded by a {{Convert|134.03|ha|abbr=on|adj=on}} buffer zone.  Located along both sides of the [[Malacca River]] and centred around [[St. Paul's Hill]], this area reflects the historical significance of the 15th century [[Malacca Sultanate]], as well as subsequent [[Portuguese Malacca|Portuguese]] and [[Dutch Malacca|Dutch]] colonial periods. St. Paul's Hill had been officially designated as a heritage zone in 1988.<ref name=":0" />{{OSM Location map
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| float=centre
| zoom =15
| width = 600
| height = 500
|caption=Historical landmarks within the [[Malacca City|Melaka]] [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<br>Click link at the top right corner to zoom in.
|auto-caption=10
|nolabels=1

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| mark-coord1={{coord|2.191617|102.250306}}
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| mark-coord2={{coord|2.2|102.2577}}
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| mark-coord3={{coord|2.19536|102.248583}}
| mark-title3=[[Cheng Ho Cultural Museum]]
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| mark-coord4={{coord|2.197472|102.246861}}
| mark-title4=[[Cheng Hoon Teng Temple]]
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| mark-coord5={{coord|2.193472|102.2508061}}
| mark-title5=[[Dutch Graveyard]]
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| mark-coord6={{coord|2.193056|102.249861}}
| mark-title6=[[Governor's Museum]]
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| mark-coord7={{coord|2.193056|102.249861}}
| mark-title7=[[Governor's Museum]]
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| mark-coord8={{coord|2.196556|102.248667}}
| mark-title8=[[Hang Jebat Mausoleum]]
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| mark-coord9={{coord|2.197194|102.246167}}
| mark-title9=[[Hang Kasturi Mausoleum]]
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| mark-title10=[[Hang Li Poh's Well]]
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| mark-size10=10

| mark-coord11={{coord|2.191611|102.249528}}
| mark-title11=[[Malacca Art Gallery]]
| mark11=Gold pog.svg
| shape11=n-circle
| shape-color11=black
| shape-outline11=white,0
| label11=
|ldx11=0| ldy11=-30
| mark-size11=10

| mark-coord12={{coord|2.19164|102.24986}}
| mark-title12=[[Malay and Islamic World Museum]]
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| shape12=n-circle
| shape-color12=black
| shape-outline12=white,0
| label12=
|ldx12=0| ldy12=-30
| mark-size12=10

| mark-coord13={{coord|2.192722|102.248556}}
| mark-title13=[[Malaysia Architecture Museum]]
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| shape13=n-circle
| shape-color13=black
| shape-outline13=white,0
| label13=
|ldx13=0| ldy13=-30
| mark-size13=10

| mark-coord14={{coord|2.19275|102.249389}}
| mark-title14=[[Melaka Light]]
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| shape14=n-circle
| shape-color14=black
| shape-outline14=white,0
| label14=
|ldx14=0| ldy14=-30
| mark-size14=10

| mark-coord15={{coord|2.195639|102.255444}}
| mark-title15=[[Melaka Warrior Monument]]
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| shape15=n-circle
| shape-color15=black
| shape-outline15=white,0
| label15=
|ldx15=0| ldy15=-30
| mark-size15=10

| mark-coord16={{coord|2.19411|102.24814}}
| mark-title16=[[Middelburg Bastion]]
| mark16=Gold pog.svg
| shape16=n-circle
| shape-color16=black
| shape-outline16=white,0
| label16=
|ldx16=0| ldy16=-30
| mark-size16=10

| mark-coord17={{coord|2.195972|102.255528}}
| mark-title17=[[Poh San Teng Temple]]
| mark17=Gold pog.svg
| shape17=n-circle
| shape-color17=black
| shape-outline17=white,0
| label17=
|ldx17=0| ldy17=-30
| mark-size17=10

| mark-coord18={{coord|2.19406|102.249154}}
| mark-title18=[[Stadthuys]]
| mark18=Gold pog.svg
| shape18=n-circle
| shape-color18=black
| shape-outline18=white,0
| label18=
|ldx18=0| ldy18=-30
| mark-size18=10

| mark-coord19={{coord|2.19153|102.24865}}
| mark-title19=[[Sungei Ujong War Memorial]]
| mark19=Gold pog.svg
| shape19=n-circle
| shape-color19=black
| shape-outline19=white,0
| label19=
|ldx19=0| ldy19=-30
| mark-size19=10

| mark-coord20={{coord|2.198389|102.244694}}
| mark-title20=[[Tamil Methodist Church]]
| mark20=Gold pog.svg
| shape20=n-circle
| shape-color20=black
| shape-outline20=white,0
| label20=
|ldx20=0| ldy20=-30
| mark-size20=10

| mark-coord21={{coord|2.194333|102.24939}}
| mark-title21=[[Christ Church, Malacca|Christ Church]]
| mark21=Gold pog.svg
| shape21=n-circle
| shape-color21=black
| shape-outline21=white,0
| label21=
|ldx21=0| ldy21=-30
| mark-size21=10

| mark-coord22={{coord|2.19525|102.25064}}
| mark-title22=[[Church of St. Francis Xavier (Melaka)|Church of St. Francis Xavier]]
| mark22=Gold pog.svg
| shape22=n-circle
| shape-color22=black
| shape-outline22=white,0
| label22=
|ldx22=0| ldy22=-30
| mark-size22=10

| mark-coord23={{coord|2.1928|102.249}}
| mark-title23=[[Church of Saint Paul, Malacca|Saint Paul's Church]]
| mark23=Gold pog.svg
| shape23=n-circle
| shape-color23=black
| shape-outline23=white,0
| label23=
|ldx23=0| ldy23=-30
| mark-size23=10
}}

==See also==
* [[Straits Settlements]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025756/http://www.heritage.gov.my/index.php/en/unesco-world-heritage/world-recognition-list/ Official website] (in Malay)
*[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223 "Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca"]
*[https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ "The Criteria for Selection"]

{{World Heritage Sites in Malaysia}}
{{Lists of World Heritage Sites}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Malaysia]]