https://phuketer.com/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami - Revision history2026-06-17T15:11:20ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.2https://phuketer.com/w/index.php?title=2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami&diff=1698&oldid=prevMontessoriX at 15:20, 16 June 20262026-06-16T15:20:30Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:20, 16 June 2026</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The earthquake caused a massive [[tsunami]] with waves up to {{cvt|30|m|sigfig=1}} high, referred to by British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] media as the '''Boxing Day tsunami''', after the [[Boxing Day]] holiday, or the '''Asian tsunami''',<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2014|title=A decade after the 2004 Asian Tsunami: recalling the turning point for disaster management|url=https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/opinion-editorials/detail/a-decade-after-the-2004-asian-tsunami-recalling-the-turning-point-for-disaster-management|access-date=18 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> which devastated communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries, especially in Aceh in Indonesia, [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]], and [[Khao Lak]] in [[Thailand]]. The direct result was severe disruption to living conditions and commerce in coastal provinces of these and other surrounding countries. It is the deadliest tsunami in history, the [[List of natural disasters by death toll#21st century|deadliest natural disaster of the 21st century]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goff |first1=James |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xr4cEAAAQBAJ&pg=189 |title=Tsunami: The World's Greatest Waves |last2=Dudley |first2=Walter C. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780197546123 |location=New York |pages=189 |chapter=Boxing Day: The World’s Worst Disaster of the 21st Century |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197546123.001.0001}}</ref> and one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Satake|first=Kenji|date=13 November 2014|title=Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami|journal=Geoscience Letters|volume=1|issue=1|article-number=15|doi=10.1186/s40562-014-0015-7|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014GSL.....1...15S|issn=2196-4092}}</ref> It is also the worst natural disaster in the history of Indonesia, the [[Maldives]], Sri Lanka, and Thailand.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Athukorala|first=Prema-chandra|year=2012|title=Indian Ocean Tsunami: Disaster, Generosity and Recovery|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02083.x|journal=Asian Economic Journal|volume=26|issue=3|pages=211–231|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02083.x|issn=1351-3958|url-access=subscription}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The earthquake caused a massive [[tsunami]] with waves up to {{cvt|30|m|sigfig=1}} high, referred to by British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] media as the '''Boxing Day tsunami''', after the [[Boxing Day]] holiday, or the '''Asian tsunami''',<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2014|title=A decade after the 2004 Asian Tsunami: recalling the turning point for disaster management|url=https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/opinion-editorials/detail/a-decade-after-the-2004-asian-tsunami-recalling-the-turning-point-for-disaster-management|access-date=18 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> which devastated communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries, especially in Aceh in Indonesia, [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]], and [[Khao Lak]] in [[Thailand]]. The direct result was severe disruption to living conditions and commerce in coastal provinces of these and other surrounding countries. It is the deadliest tsunami in history, the [[List of natural disasters by death toll#21st century|deadliest natural disaster of the 21st century]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goff |first1=James |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xr4cEAAAQBAJ&pg=189 |title=Tsunami: The World's Greatest Waves |last2=Dudley |first2=Walter C. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780197546123 |location=New York |pages=189 |chapter=Boxing Day: The World’s Worst Disaster of the 21st Century |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197546123.001.0001}}</ref> and one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Satake|first=Kenji|date=13 November 2014|title=Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami|journal=Geoscience Letters|volume=1|issue=1|article-number=15|doi=10.1186/s40562-014-0015-7|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014GSL.....1...15S|issn=2196-4092}}</ref> It is also the worst natural disaster in the history of Indonesia, the [[Maldives]], Sri Lanka, and Thailand.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Athukorala|first=Prema-chandra|year=2012|title=Indian Ocean Tsunami: Disaster, Generosity and Recovery|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02083.x|journal=Asian Economic Journal|volume=26|issue=3|pages=211–231|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02083.x|issn=1351-3958|url-access=subscription}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The earthquake itself is the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Asia, the strongest of the 21st century, and the [[Largest earthquakes by magnitude#Strongest earthquakes by magnitude|second- or third-most powerful globally]] since modern seismography began in 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Richard S.|last2=Chao|first2=Benjamin F.|date=1 November 2006|title=The rotational and gravitational signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake|journal=Surveys in Geophysics|volume=27|issue=6|pages=615–632|doi=10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1|bibcode=2006SGeo...27..615G|issn=1573-0956}}</ref>{{efn|Estimates of this earthquake are on par or smaller than the 1964 Alaska earthquake ({{M|w}} 9.2–9.3).<ref name="alaska64">{{cite anss|M 9.2 – The 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska Earthquake|1964|iscgem869809}}</ref> Depending on estimates, it could place both earthquakes just behind the 1960 Valdivia earthquake ({{M|ww}} 9.5–9.6)<ref name="chile1960">{{cite anss|M 9.5 – 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake)|1960|iscgem879136}}</ref> (i.e. both rank second largest) or one of them as the second or third largest (i.e. 1964 event ranks second followed by 2004 event and vice versa).<ref>{{cite news|title=What are the biggest historical earthquakes?|url=https://earthobservatory.sg/earth-science-education/earth-science-faqs/geology-and-tectonics/what-are-the-biggest-historical-earthquakes|access-date=21 June 2024|work=Earth Observatory of Singapore}}</ref>}} It had the longest fault rupture ever observed, between {{convert|1200|to|1300|km|mi|0}}, and had the longest duration of [[Fault (geology)|faulting]] ever observed, lasting at least ten minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104179|title=Analysis of the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Reveals Longest Fault Rupture Ever|date=19 May 2005|publisher=National Science Foundation|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812205404/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104179|url-status=live}}</ref> It caused the entire planet to vibrate by as much as {{cvt|10|mm|1}},<ref>{{cite web|last=Walton|first=Marsha|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/19/sumatra.quake/index.html|title=Scientists: Sumatra quake longest ever recorded|publisher=CNN|date=20 May 2005|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=14 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214073430/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/19/sumatra.quake/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and also [[remotely triggered earthquakes]] as far away as [[Alaska]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=Michael|last2=Sanches|first2=John J.|last3=McNutt|first3=Stephen R.|s2cid=27869948|title=Periodically Triggered Seismicity at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, After the Sumatra Earthquake|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=20 May 2005|volume=308|issue=5725|pages=1144–1146|pmid=15905395|bibcode=2005Sci...308.1144W|doi=10.1126/science.1112462}}</ref> Its epicentre was located between [[Simeulue]] and mainland Sumatra.<ref name="Archived">{{cite journal|last1=Nalbant|first1=Suleyman S.|last2=Steacy|first2=Sandy|last3=Sieh|first3=Kerry|last4=Natawidjaja|first4=Danny|author4-link=Danny Hilman Natawidjaja|last5=McCloskey|first5=John|title=Seismology: Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=9 June 2005|volume=435|issue=7043|pages=756–757|doi=10.1038/nature435756a|pmid=15944691|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P05b.pdf|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604092608/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P05b.pdf|archive-date=4 June 2010|url-status=dead|bibcode=2005Natur.435..756N|hdl=10220/8668|s2cid=4321796}}</ref> The plight of the [[Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|affected people and countries]] prompted a worldwide [[Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|humanitarian response]], with donations totaling more than US$14 billion<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jayasuriya|first1=Sisira|last2=McCawley|first2=Peter|url=http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668|title=The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster|location=Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA|publisher=Edward Elgar|date=2010|isbn=978-1-84844-692-2|access-date=6 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722005138/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> (equivalent to US$<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Inflation|USD|14|2004}} </del>billion in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Inflation/year|index=USD}} </del>currency).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The earthquake itself is the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Asia, the strongest of the 21st century, and the [[Largest earthquakes by magnitude#Strongest earthquakes by magnitude|second- or third-most powerful globally]] since modern seismography began in 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Richard S.|last2=Chao|first2=Benjamin F.|date=1 November 2006|title=The rotational and gravitational signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake|journal=Surveys in Geophysics|volume=27|issue=6|pages=615–632|doi=10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1|bibcode=2006SGeo...27..615G|issn=1573-0956}}</ref>{{efn|Estimates of this earthquake are on par or smaller than the 1964 Alaska earthquake ({{M|w}} 9.2–9.3).<ref name="alaska64">{{cite anss|M 9.2 – The 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska Earthquake|1964|iscgem869809}}</ref> Depending on estimates, it could place both earthquakes just behind the 1960 Valdivia earthquake ({{M|ww}} 9.5–9.6)<ref name="chile1960">{{cite anss|M 9.5 – 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake)|1960|iscgem879136}}</ref> (i.e. both rank second largest) or one of them as the second or third largest (i.e. 1964 event ranks second followed by 2004 event and vice versa).<ref>{{cite news|title=What are the biggest historical earthquakes?|url=https://earthobservatory.sg/earth-science-education/earth-science-faqs/geology-and-tectonics/what-are-the-biggest-historical-earthquakes|access-date=21 June 2024|work=Earth Observatory of Singapore}}</ref>}} It had the longest fault rupture ever observed, between {{convert|1200|to|1300|km|mi|0}}, and had the longest duration of [[Fault (geology)|faulting]] ever observed, lasting at least ten minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104179|title=Analysis of the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Reveals Longest Fault Rupture Ever|date=19 May 2005|publisher=National Science Foundation|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812205404/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104179|url-status=live}}</ref> It caused the entire planet to vibrate by as much as {{cvt|10|mm|1}},<ref>{{cite web|last=Walton|first=Marsha|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/19/sumatra.quake/index.html|title=Scientists: Sumatra quake longest ever recorded|publisher=CNN|date=20 May 2005|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=14 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214073430/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/19/sumatra.quake/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and also [[remotely triggered earthquakes]] as far away as [[Alaska]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=Michael|last2=Sanches|first2=John J.|last3=McNutt|first3=Stephen R.|s2cid=27869948|title=Periodically Triggered Seismicity at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, After the Sumatra Earthquake|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=20 May 2005|volume=308|issue=5725|pages=1144–1146|pmid=15905395|bibcode=2005Sci...308.1144W|doi=10.1126/science.1112462}}</ref> Its epicentre was located between [[Simeulue]] and mainland Sumatra.<ref name="Archived">{{cite journal|last1=Nalbant|first1=Suleyman S.|last2=Steacy|first2=Sandy|last3=Sieh|first3=Kerry|last4=Natawidjaja|first4=Danny|author4-link=Danny Hilman Natawidjaja|last5=McCloskey|first5=John|title=Seismology: Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=9 June 2005|volume=435|issue=7043|pages=756–757|doi=10.1038/nature435756a|pmid=15944691|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P05b.pdf|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604092608/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P05b.pdf|archive-date=4 June 2010|url-status=dead|bibcode=2005Natur.435..756N|hdl=10220/8668|s2cid=4321796}}</ref> The plight of the [[Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|affected people and countries]] prompted a worldwide [[Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|humanitarian response]], with donations totaling more than US$14 billion<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jayasuriya|first1=Sisira|last2=McCawley|first2=Peter|url=http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668|title=The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster|location=Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA|publisher=Edward Elgar|date=2010|isbn=978-1-84844-692-2|access-date=6 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722005138/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> (equivalent to US$<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">24 </ins>billion in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2025 </ins>currency).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Earthquake==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Earthquake==</div></td></tr>
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